Description
Synonymy- Authors for the synonyms are: Grapsus sanguineus- De Haan 1835; Heterograpsus maculatus- Milne-Edwards 1853;Heterograpsus sanguineus- Ortmann 1894; Brachynotus sanguineus- Tesch 1919 (Williams and McDermott 1990).
Potentially Misidentified Species- Pachygrapsus transversus (Mottled Shore Crab) and Plagiusa depressa (Tidal Spray Crab) are found in NC and southwards but are occasionally transported north on ships' hulls; Sesarma spp. (Wharf Crabs) are marsh species also found on wharves and jetties (Williams 1984)
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Crustacea | Malacostraca | Decapoda | Varunidae | Hemigrapsus |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | Established | Expanding | Introduced | Regular Resident | Western Atlantic | Western Pacific | Shipping(Ballast Water),Natural Dispersal(Natural Dispersal) |
History of Spread
Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Japanese Shore Crab) is native to the western Pacific, from Sakhalin and Peter the Great Bay.(Russia), Korea, and North China to Hong Kong, and on the entire coast of Japan from Hokkaido to Okinawa (Levin 1976; Sakai 1976; Williams and McDermott 1990.) It was first found in North America in 1988 in Cape May Co., NJ by a biology student on a class field trip (Williams and McDermott 1990). The first collection was a single ovigerous female. Subsequently in June-October 1990 at Townsend Inlet, and Jan-Feb 1990 at Cape May Harbor, 23 km south, 36 specimens of both sexes and varying ages; including ovigerous females, were found, indicating a breeding population (McDermott 1991). Currently (2001), H. sanguineus ranges north to Penobscot Bay ME and south to Oregon Inlet NC (Friedlander 2002; McDermott 2000; Ruiz et al. unpublished) data.
Hemigrapsus sanguineus has not been introduced to the Pacific coast of North America, but it has recently (1st record 1999) become established in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany (Breton et al. 2002; Obert et al. 2008). In 2002, it was found in the Mediterranean Sea in Croatia (2002, Schubart 2002) and has subsequently become established in Italy and Tunisia (Ruiz et al., unpublished data; Jamila et al. 2004). In 2008, one specimen was caught in a yacht harbor in Constanta, Romania, on the Black Sea, but this crab is not known to be established there (Micu et al. 2010).
In the Chesapeake Bay region in 1994, H. sanguineus was found in a survey of suitable habitat from Atlantic City NJ, south into lower Delaware Bay and along the Atlantic Delmarva coast to Fishermans Island VA at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. In subsequent surveys (1995-96), it was found at Cape Charles, in the Elizabeth River in the Norfolk-Portmouth area, at Silver Beach VA, (Northampton Co., its northernmost location in the Bay to date), and in Rudees Inlet; Virginia Beach; south of the Bay's mouth (Ruiz et al. unpublished).
History Refs- Breton et al. 2002; Levin 1976; McDermott 1991; McDermott 2000; Sakai 1976; Williams and McDermott 1990; Ruiz et al. unpublished data
Invasion Comments
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | ||||
| Salinity (‰) | 10.0 | 61.0 | 25.0 | |
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | meso-eu |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | 18.4 | 18.4 |
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 42.4 | 39.0 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs | 3.0 |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Japanese Shore Crab) appears to be limited to man-made rocky intertidal habitat (jetties, bulkheads, etc.) in lower Chesapeake Bay (Ruiz et al., unpublished data). Because of its restricted distribution, it is unlikely to have significant economic impacts in Chespeake Bay.
References- Ruiz et al., unpublished data
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
In areas north of Chesapeake Bay,Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Japanese Shore Crab) is likely to have greater ecological impacts, because rocky intertidal habitats suitable for this species occur naturally. However, because most major fisheries resources in this region are subtidal, economic impacts are likely to be small.
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Japanese Shore Crab) now occurs locally in jetties and other stone structures in lower Chesapeake Bay, but its abundance and impacts are limited by lack of rocky habitat (Ruiz et al., unpublished data).
In New Jersey, it has been considered a potential competitor with native crabs in the intertidal zone (McDermott 1991) and a potentially important intertidal herbivore and predator in Long Island Sound (Gerard et al. 1999). Detailed field studies of interactions between H. sanguineus and other species are in progress on the Atlantic Coast of North America. In Long Island Sound (CT), competition with native crab species is limited because the natives, primarily Eurypanopeus depressus, have little habitat overlap with H. sanguineus (Lohrer et al. 2000). Predation by high densities of H. sanguineus may have a negative impact on populations of Mytilus edulis (Blue Mussel) (Lohrer and Whitlach 2002a), especially on smaller mussels (Bordeau and O'Connor 2003) and possibly on other shore biota.
References- Bordeau and O'Connor 2003; Gerard et al. 1999; Lohrer and Whitlach 2002; McDermott 1991; Ruiz et al., unpublished data
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Japanese Shore Crab) now occurs locally in jetties and other stone structures in lower Chesapeake Bay, but its abundance and impacts are limited by lack of rocky habitat (Ruiz et al., unpublished data). It is a competitor with Carcinus maenas (Green Crab) (Jensen et al. 2002; Lohrer and Whitlach 2002b) which reaches the southern end of its range north of the mouth of Chesapeake Bay (Kingsley 1879; McDermott 1991; Williams 1984). It is also an herbivore, with a preference for the green alga Codium fragile over four native species (Bourdeau and O'Connor 2003). However, the extent to which these species interact, in the Chesapeake Bay region, where all of them are in low abundance, is unclear.
References- Brousseau et al. 2001; Gerard et al. 1999; Kingsley 1879; McDermott 1991; Ruiz et al., unpublished data; Williams 1984; Jensen et al. 2002
References
Bourdeau, Paul E.; O'Connor, Nancy J. (2003) Predation by the nonindigenous Asian Shore Crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus on macroalgae and molluscs., Northeastern Naturalist 10: 319-334Breton, Gerard; Faasse, Marco; Noel, Pierre; Vincent, Thierry (2002) A new alien crab in Europe: Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Decapoda: Brachyura: Grapsidae)., Journal of Crustacean Biology 22: 184-189
Brousseau, Diane J.; Filipowicz, Amy: Baglivo, Jenny (2001) Laboratory investigations of the effects of predator sex and size on prey selection by the Asian Crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus., Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 262: 199-210
Delaney, David G.; Sperling, Corinne D.; Adams, Christiaan S.; Leung, Brian (2008) Marine invasive species: validation of citizen science and implications for national monitoring networks., Biological Invasions 10: 117-128
Delaney, David G.; Edwards, Paul K.; Leung, Brian (2012) Predicting regional spread of non-native species using oceanographic models: validation and identification of gaps, Marine Biology 159: 269-282
Epifanio, C. E.; Dittel, A. I.; Park, S.; Schwalm, S.; Fouts, A. (1998) Early life history of Hemigrapsus sanguineus, a non-indigenous crab in the Middle Atlantic Bight (USA)., Marine Ecology Progress Series 170: 231-238
Friedlander, Blaine P. Jr. (2002) CU marine biologists find Japanese shore crabs have invaded Maine, Cornell Chronicle None: None
Fukui, Yasuo (1988) Comparative studies on the life history of the grapsid crabs (Crustacea, Brachyura) inhabiting intertidal cobble and boulder stones, Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 33: 121-162
Gerard, V. A.; Cerrato, R. M.; Larson, A. A. (1999) Potential effects of a western Pacific grapsid crab on intertidal communities of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean., Biological Invasions 1: 353-361
Hwang, Sang Gu; Lee, Chu; Kim, Chang Hyun (1993) Complete larval development of Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Decapoda, Brachyura, Grapsidae) reared in the laboratory, Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 9: 69-86
Jensen, G.C.; McDonald, P. S.; Armstrong, D. A. (2002) East meets west: competitive interactions between green crab Carcinus maenas, and native and introduced shore crab Hemigrapsus spp., Marine Ecology Progress Series 225: 151-262
Kingsley, J. S. (1878) List of Decapoda Crustacea of the Atlantic coast, whose range embraces Fort Macon, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia : 316-331
Kingsley, J.S. (1879) On a collection of Crustacea from Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida, with a revision of the genera of Crangonidae and Palaemonidae., Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 31: 383-427
Levin, V.C. (1976) [Class Decapoda}, , Leningrad. Pp. 49-56
McDermott, J. J. (1991) A breeding population of the western Pacific crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Grapsidae) established on the Atlantic coast of North America., Biological Bulletin 181: 195-198
McDermott, John J. (1998) The western Pacific Brachyuran Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Grapsidae) in its new habitat along the Atlantic coast of the United States: geographic distribution and ecology., ICES Journal of Marine Science 55: 289-298
McDermott, John J. (2000) Natural history and biology of the Asian Shore Crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus in the western Atlantic: a review, with new information., In: Pederson, J.(Eds.) Marine Bioinvasions: Proceedings of a Conference. , Cambridge. Pp. 193-199
Micu, Dragos; Nita, Victor; Todorova, Valentina (2010) First record of the Japanese shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan, 1835) (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Varunidae) from the Black Sea, Aquatic Invasions 5: S1-S4
Obert, Bernd; Herlyn, Marc; Grotjahn, Michael (2007) First records of two crabs from the North West Pacific Hemigrapsus sanguineus and H. takanoi at the coast of Lower Saxony, Germany, Wadden Sea Newsletter 2007: 21-22
Sakai, Tsune (1976) Crabs of Japan and Adjacent Seas, , Tokyo. Pp.
Schubart, Christoph D. (2003) The East Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Brachyura: Varunidae) in the Mediterranean Sea: an independent human-mediated introduction., Scientia Marina 67: 195-200
Wantanabe, Kazutoshi (1982) Osmotic and ionic regulation and the gill Na+K+-ATPas activity in the Japanese shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 48: 917-920
Williams, Austin B. (1984) , , Washington, DC. Pp.
Williams, Austin B.; McDermott, John J. (1990) An eastern United States record for the western Indo-Pacific crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Grapsidae)., Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103: 108-109